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Jihad in the West

Muslim Conquests from the 7th to the 21st Centuries

Paul Fregosi

Cover of Jihad in the West


The Jihad, the Muslim Holy War against Christians and other faiths, has raged in the Middle East, Europe, Africa, and Asia for over 1,300 years, and has now reached the Americas. The Muslim military conquests of former centuries and the terrorist campaigns of recent decades share more than just the name Jihad. They are both expressions of the Muslim distaste for, and basic antagonism to, the entire non-Muslim world, which it shows by doing battle against those it perceives as blasphemers and infidels. For over a century and a half the world had forgotten this fact, since most Muslim countries were politically impotent and ruled mainly as the colonies or protectorates of European powers. But recent events in Iran, Afghanistan, and elsewhere have reminded us of the Muslims' existence and newly won power. Jihad is back.

Even though the Jihad has been a fact of life in much of the world for more than a millenium, it remains the most unrecorded and disregarded major event in history. Jihad in the West seeks to redress this oversight. It is the first and only general history of the Jihad, with a concentration on Europe. In a lively, readable style that often recalls the mordant satire of Juvenal and Evelyn Waugh, historian Paul Fregosi gives an engrossing account of the universal and little-known Islamic military invasions of Europe and the major players who led them, as well as the mighty warriors who opposed them. The story begins around 650 C.E. with the first, unsuccessful siege of Constantinople, and continues with the invasion and occupation, sometimes for hundred of years, of many European countries. Italy, Sicily, Portugal, France, Spain, Austria, Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia, Hungary, Rumania, Wallachia, Albania, Moldavia, Bulgaria, Greece, Armenia, Georgia, Poland, the Ukraine, and eastern and southern Russia were all battlefields where Islam conquered or was conquered in violent conflicts marked by cruelty, bloodlust, and a fearful loss of life, spread over considerably more than a thousand years.

While European history has remained transfixed on the Christian Crusades of the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries, it has largely ignored these Muslim attacks and invasions. Fregosi's powerful study realigns this skewed historical vision to correct a perception of the Crusades and of later colonialism that has greatly affected the modern political thinking of Muslims (particularly those in the Middle East) toward the West. When accusing the West of imperialism, Muslims are obsessed with the Crusades, but have forgotten their own longer and more gruesome Jihad.

A writer befriended and greatly admired by the novelist Graham Greene, Fregosi faced a wall of opposition to Jihad in the West; the release of this controversial book was abruptly canceled by a publisher in Britain due to what some believe to have been fear of Muslim reprisals. “There's an intention to censor what's going on about Islam, more so than for any other religion,” Fregosi recently told the London press.

But with increasing Islamic extremist violence around the world, from the downing of Pan Am 103 to the bombing of the World Trade Center, the full story needs at last to be told, since the terrorism of today finds its direct antecedent in the holy wars of the past. Jihad in the West will shock and enlighten all those interested in gaining an understanding of Islam's impact on Western history and the Muslim holy war that continues to be a threat to peace today.


Table of Contents


Glossary of Useful Arabic and Turkish Terms
Preface
p. 11
p. 15
Introduction: The Holy War That Isn'tp. 19
Part I  The Days of the Prophet
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The Beginnings: Mecca 570-622
Gabriel Cometh: Medina 622-632
The First Battles
A Man of Many Parts
When the Killing Had to Stop
A Man of His Time
Of Bones and Stones
A Paradise for Warriors
p. 31
p. 34
p. 40
p. 46
p. 52
p. 56
p. 60
p. 65
Part II  Beyond Arabia
9.
10.

11.
Onward Muslim Soldiers: Byzantium and Persia 632-640
The Islands Campaign: Cyprus, Rhodes and Crete 649-668
Checkmate on the Bosporus Constantinople 668-673
p. 71
p. 76

p. 83
Part III  The Iberian Venture
12.
13.
14.
The Toledo Whore: Spain 710
The Mountain of Tarik: Spain 711
A Conqueror's Fate: Spain 711-715
p. 89
p. 93
p. 97
Part IV  Islam Unfolds
15.
16.

17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
The Forgotten Isaurian: Constantinople 717-718
The Dhimmis: Dar-al-Islam from the Seventh Century Onward
Forays into France: The Languedoc 718-732
The Hammer of the Franks: Tours 732-759
The Umayyad Takeover: Spain 756-852
The Long Resistance: Sicily 827-902
The French Riviera Campaign: St. Tropez 898-973
p. 103
p. 107

p. 110
p. 116
p. 122
p. 130
p. 135
Part V  For Spain, My Humble Duty
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
The Corpses of Simancas: Spain 912-961
Aurora's Lover: Santiago de Compostela 967-1002
Exeunt the Umayyads: Spain 1085
The Desert Warrior: Zalaca 1085--1086
Mio Cid: Valencia: 1080-1108
p. 143
p. 149
p. 153
p. 156
p. 161
Part VI  Deflections in the South
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
Liberation in Lusitania: Portugal 1079-1147
Whence the Greeks and Normans: Sicily 1025-1091
The African Takeover: Spain 104-1212
The Year of Decision: Las Navas de Tolosa 1212
The Muslim Debacle: Spain 1212-1250
Five Cities to Go: Andalusia 1230-1248
p. 171
p. 175
p. 182
p. 192
p. 197
p. 201
Part VII  Onslaught from the East
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38
39.
40.
41.
The Ottoman Advent: Turkey mid-1200s
The Mongolian Horde: Russia 1340-1480
Janissaries Ahoy: Thrace 1301-1353
The Gay Revolt: Thrace 1376-1388
The Field of Blackbirds: Kosovo 1389
The Wild Knights of France: Nicopolis 1396
The Hungarian Hero: Varna 1444
The Last Agony: Constantinople 1453
The Road to Rome: Belgrade 1456
p. 209
p. 212
p. 216
p. 219
p. 224
p. 231
p. 240
p. 248
p. 260
Part VIII  By Land and by Sea
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.

47.
48.
49.
50.
52.
52.
The Sight of the Moor: Granada 1493
The Ottoman Empire: Selim the Grim 1512-1520
The Red Danube: Mohacs 1526
The Untaken Capital: Vienna 1529
Sailors, Slavers, and Raiders: The Mediterranean 1504-1546
In Arms Always and Prepared for Combat: Malta 1565
The Rhapsody of Death: Hungary 1566
The Alpujarras Rising: Spain 1568-1570
The Flaying of Bragadino: Famagusta 1571
A Good Day to Die: Lepanto 1572
Colonialism Muslim Style: Eastern Europe 1574-1681
p. 267
p. 275
p. 278
p. 285
p. 288

p. 295
p. 309
p. 312
p. 317
p. 322
p. 329
Part IX  The Waning of Holy War
53.
54.
55.

56.
Never Was There a Victory More Complete: Vienna 1683
The Jihad Totters: Greece and Hungary 1685-1699
The Gravediggers: Central and Southeastern Europe 1716-1770
The Orloff-Suvarov Duet: The Mediterranean and Crimea 1770-1792
p. 343
p. 349
p. 354

p. 362
Part X  Warriors of a Willing Doom
57.
58.
59.
To the Shores of Tripoli: North Africa 1798-1830
The Surrogates of Pericles: Greece 1821-1827
Wars Galore: The Balkans 1828-1878
p. 371
p. 380
p. 389
Part XI  The Jihad Returns
60.
61.
The Great Unholy Wars: Dar-al-Harb 1912-1945
Terrorism: The West1980s-1990s
p. 399
p. 410
Epilogue: An Action in All Its Luster
Bibliography
Index
p. 413
p. 417
p. 427

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