A Peace to End All Peace - The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East

A Peace to End All Peace

The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East

Cover of A Peace to End All Peaces

The Middle East has long been a battleground of rival religions, ideologies, nationalisms, and dynasties. All of these conflicts - including the hostilities between Arabs and Israelis that have flared up yet again - stem from its political inheritance: the arrangements, unities, and divisions imposed upon the region by the Allies after the Fist World War.

In A Peace to End All Peace, David Fromkin reveals how and why the Allies came to remake the geography and politics of the Middle East, drawing lines on an empty map that eventually became the new countries of Iraq, Israel, Jordan, and Lebanon. Focusing on the formative years of 1914 to 1922, when everything - even an alliance between Arab nationalism and Zionism - seemed possible and oil was not a political issue, Fronkin shows how the choices narrowed and the Middle East began along a road that led to the endless wars and the escalating acts of terrorism that continue to this day.

Table of Contents

PART I - At the Crossroads of History
List of illustrations and Maps Photo Credits Acknowledgments A Note on Spelling Introduction		p. 10 p. 11 p. 12 p. 14 p. 15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7	The Last Days of Old Europe The Legacy of the Great Game in Asia The Middle East Before the War The Young Turks Urgently Seek and Ally Winston Churchill on the Eve of War Churchill Seizes Turkey's Warships An Intrigue at the Sublime Porte	p. 23 p. 26 p. 33 p. 45 p. 51 p. 54 p. 62
PART II - Kitchener of Khartoum Looks Ahead
8 9 10 11 12	Kitchener Takes Command Kitchener's Lieutenants Kitchener Sets Out to Capture Islam India Protests The Man in the Middle	p. 79 p. 88 p. 96 p. 106 p. 111
PART III - Britain is Drawn into the Middle Eastern Quagmire
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25	The Turkish Commanders Almost Lose the War Kitchener Allows Britain to Attack Turkey On to Victory at the Dardanelles Russia's Grab for Turkey Defining Britain's Goals in the Middle East At the Narrows of Fortune The Warriors The Politicians The Light That Failed Creating the Arab Bureau Making Promises to the Arabs Making Promises to the European Allies Turkey's Triumph at the Tigris	p. 119 p. 124 p. 130 p. 137 p. 146 p. 150 p. 155 p. 159 p. 163 p. 168 p. 173 188 p. 200
PART IV - Subversion
26 27 28	Behind Enemy Lines Kitchener's Last Mission Hussein's Revolt	p. 207 p. 216 p. 218
PART V - The Allies at the Nadir of Their Fortunes
29 30	The Fall of the Allied Governments: Britain and France The Overthrow of the Czar	p. 231 p. 239
PART VI - New Worlds and Promised Lands
31 32 33 34	The New World Lloyd George's Zionism Toward the Balfour Declaration The Promised Land	p. 253 p. 263 p. 276 p. 284
PART VII - Invading the Middle East
35 36 37	Jerusalem for Christmas The Road to Damascus The Battle for Syria	p. 305 p. 315 p. 332
PART VIII - The Spoils of Victory
38 39	The Parting of the Ways By the Shores of Troy	p. 351 p. 363
PART IX - The Tide Goes Out
40 41 42	The Ticking Clock Betrayal The Unreal World of the Peace Conference	p. 383 p. 389 p. 403
PART X - Storm over Asia
43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52	The Troubles Begin: 1919-1921 Egypt: The Winter of 1918-1919 Afghanistan: The Spring of 1919 Arabia: The Spring of 1919 Turkey: January 1920 Syria and Lebanon: The Spring and Summer of 1920 Eastern Palestine (Transjordan): 1920 Palestine - Arabs and Jews: 1920 Mesopotamia (Iraq): 1920 Persia (Iran): 1920	p. 415 p. 417 p. 421 p. 424 p. 427 p. 435 p. 441 p. 445 p. 449 p. 455
PART XI - Russia Returns to the Middle East
53 54 55 56	Unmasking Britain's Enemies The Soviet Challenge in the Middle East Moscow's Goals A Death in Bukhara	p. 465 p. 471 p. 475 p. 480
PART XII - The Middle Eastern Setllement of 1922
57 58 59 60 61	Winston Churchill Takes Charge Churchill and the Question of Palestine The Alliances Come Apart A Greek Tragedy The Settlement of the Middle Eastern Question	p. 493 p. 515 p. 530 p. 540 p. 558
Notes Bibliography Index		p. 569 p. 607 p. 621

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